Do Cows Always Face North to Graze?

I'm not sure which is stranger-- the fact that cattle always face North to graze, or that humans somehow failed to notice it until the advent of the internet.
A detailed analysis of Google Earth images found that cattle in North America almost always face the same direction-- North-- when they are grazing. Only a few "watchdogs" in the herd will face the opposite diretion. Researchers found that over 8,510 grazing cattle in 308 pastures all around the world agreed on one thing-- it's cool to face North while you're eating.
After reading about this study, I double-checked every time I saw a herd of grazing cattle. Invariably, when I see cows grazing in my area, they are facing North. How have hunters, herdsmen, farmers and old wives totally neglected to notice this until now?
No one is certain about why cattle face North to graze, but it clearly relates to a cow's internal "compass." The cattle face magnetic North or South depending on the hemisphere in which they are grazing. In South America and South America, where the Earth's magnetic field is weakest, cattle were tilted a bit to the west. However, most grazing cattle maintained their North-facing diretion regardless of the weather, sunlight and season.
Since there are no humans who are fluent in cow, we can't be entirely sure of why they have developed this odd adaptation. It could somehow relate to predator avoidance or to now-extinct migrating instincts. It's quite possible that cows faced North hundreds or thousands of years ago because it served an important purpose in the animals' survival. However, there's no clear benefit to the odd habit, as far as we can see now.
To me, there's something oddly reassuring about the simple realization that cattle face North to graze. It reminds me that, no matter how advanced our technology becomes, there are still minor discoveries that we can make in our own mundane, day-to-day world. And, no matter how many scans, studies and satellites we make, we may never know why (or how) our fellow animals do the things they do. No amount of technology can eliminate the limitless wealth of discovery within the natural world.

Seal Oil Supplements: Why You Should Avoid Them

Seal oil seems to be the Next Big Thing in the world of alternative medicine. Supplement manufacturers are touting the product as a virtual panacea, just as they have with fish oil, krill oil, shark oil, algae oil, and (yes indeed) snake oil in the past. And, like most other supplements, claims regarding seal oil's benefits are exaggerated and over-inflated.
These health-boosting oil supplements are al rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which do offer several very important health benefits. However, there is no reason to choose seal oil over any other nutritional source of omega-3 fatty acids. Here are a few reasons not to buy seal oil supplements.
No Evidence of Superiority
Seal oil does contain omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are also found in fish oil. However, it is unique among marine fats because it contains an unusually high concentration of the omega-3 fat docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). Although its unique composition makes it compelling as a focus of future research, there is currently no evidence suggesting that DPA is nutritionally benefcial. Current evidence suggests that fish oil and krill oil can treat and prevent many common conditions; no such evidence suggests the same effects from seal oil supplements.
Contaminants
Seals are predators, and massive amounts of pollutants accumulate in their fat and flesh through a process known as biomagnification. If a seal eats a mercury-poisoned fish who ate a mercury-poisoned fish who ate some mercury-poisoned plankton, it will consume the total amount of the heavy metal found in its prey and its prey's prey. As a result, seals and other predators have large amounts of heavy metal, PCB and DDT in their flesh and fat. Without massive amounts of processing to eliminate these pollutants, seal oil supplements can be extremely toxic to human beings.
A Barbaric Industry
Seal-hunting is one of the most barbaric forms of hunting practiced in the modern world. These animals are clubbed to death to prevent damage to their pelts, and as many as 50% of the animals survive the blow for several days, and their mutilated bodies are never recovered. Seals are also intelligent and sentient; they feel emotional and physical pain on a much deeper level than simple animals such as fish. Because there is no need for this slaughter to continue, it is unfair and unreasonable to choose seal oil supplements over healthier, more humanely gathered sources of omega-3 fats.

Factors to Consider Before Getting a Pet Raccoon

I felt stunned the first time I met my neighbor's pet raccoon. The animals excitedly ran up to me and chirped several times, asking to be held. When I picked her up in my arms, she proceeded to play with my hair like an infant. My neighbor's raccoon is one of the most tame and friendly animals I've ever met, far exceeding most cats and dogs in its personable nature. However, I personally would never own a pet raccoon. Here are some major factors that potential raccoon-guardians must consider before purchasing a raccoon or "rescuing" one from the wild.
1. It could be against the law. Wild raccoons are among of the most common rabid animals in the United States. Because undiagnosed rabid raccoons can transmit rabies to pets and humans, many jurisdictions have strict regulations prohibiting interactions between humans and raccoons. Call your local Animal Control authorities to determine if raccoons are legal pets in your area. If you break the law and get caught, you could end up facing a very stiff fine and having your pet confiscated and euthanized.
2. Raccoons need veterinary care. Like cats and dogs, raccoons need-- and are entitled to-- good health care. Your raccoon will need to go to a veterinarian experienced in exotic animals. Remember that, if you adopt a raccoon in an area where it is illegal, you won't find any vets who are willing to treat your pet if he gets sick or injured. Minimum veterinary care for a raccoon will involve rabies shots, annual check-ups, parasite treatments, and treatments any time your pet becomes ill.
3. Pet raccoons need a varied diet. While a dog or cat can live healthily on a relatively monochromatic diet of prepared food, raccoons can not thrive in captivity without variety. At the advice of his pet's veterinarian, my neighbor gives his raccoon pre-packaged ferret food and treats, along with canned cat food, watermelon, apples, carrots, chicken, turkey, fish and grapes. While you may find wild raccoons munching on chips and marshmallows at campsites, these should be given sparingly to pets-- or avoided entirely.
4. Raccoons need extensive training. Cats and dogs often "train themselves," learning to be unaccompanied in a house for hours without wreaking havoc on the home. A raccoon can not and will not "train itself." It needs nearly 24-hour supervision until it is at least several months old. No cage is large enough to humanely contain an adult raccoon, so you must know that your animal is well-controlled and adjusted enough to be alone without human supervision.

5. Raccoons don't always get along with other pets.
 My neighbor's raccoon broke into his pet rabbit's cage and killed the animal. A few weeks later, it had a bloody fight with his pet Pomeranian, which led to both animals requiring extensive veterinary care. Before getting a raccoon, you need to carefully consider how it might impact the other animals in your home. If you aren't 100% certain that the raccoon will get along with your other animals, get a guinea pig instead.
Adopting an animal is always a big decision, and it requires particular consideration when it involves an exotic or non-domesticated animal. Always defer to local laws and your veterinarian's judgment before adopting any new pet.

How and Where to Get a Pet Fox

What animal lover doesn't adore foxes? Tame foxes are vivacious, clever, and full of personality. Fox enthusiasts regard these frisky critters as a charming combination of canine companionship and feline aesthetic. As cute, fun and enjoyable as foxes are, they are not easy pets to obtain or to care for. If you're considering getting a pet fox as a pet, here are the steps you'll need to take to purchase one.
1. Find out if it's legal in your area. Check here to see if it's legal to own foxes in your state. Then call your local city hall to find out if your specific locality allows exotic pet ownership. You may be tempted to circumvent local and state laws, adopting a pet fox despite regulations prohibiting their ownership. However, this is an extremely dangerous decision to make, since you won't be able to get veterinary care or any other form of support for your pet. Most responsible breeders also will not sell pet foxes to people living in states that prohibit them.

2. Understand that domesticated foxes are not available.
 Only one breed of domesticated fox is available. The silver fox, a breed of red fox created by Soviet researchers, is the only strain of fox that has been bred to the point of true domestication. It is calm, docile, does not spray, and offers the type of companionship seen almost exclusively in domesticated animals. However, the silver fox is not bred by any organization besides the Institute of Cytology and Genetics , and no one outside of Russia owns an un-neutered or un-spayed adult. Understand that, while you may be able to purchase tame foxes raised in captivity, they are still a "wild" animal-- not bred for life in captivity.
3. Find a vet beforehand. Never, ever adopt or buy an animal unless you know a vet who will treat the animal. Before buying your pet fox, find a veterinarian in the area who treats the specific species of fox that you intend to own. Discuss all vaccination requirements and recommendations with the expert. Understand that you have a responsibility to provide lifelong veterinary care, which may be quite expensive, for your pet fox.
4. Get in touch with a reputable breeder. Buy pet foxes only from established breeders who hand-raise their fox kits and provide proper veterinary care. A directory of fennec fox breeders can be found here. Check with Tiny Tracks Exotic Animals in Indiana for several species of pet fox.Jungle Island Zoo in Ohio sells red foxes, gray foxes and fennec foxes. Although there are a limited number of reputable pet fox breeders in the United States, several responsible organizations do breed tame foxes.
Once you have found a good breeder, he or she can help you to determine the further steps you need to take to adopt your new pet fox and bring it home. The fox may cost anywhere from $400 to $7,000, depending on its species, variety, health, and ease of breeding. If you do decide to adopt a pet fox, do so only with the understanding of the responsibility and investment involved in getting a fox as a pet.

Pet Jellyfish: Four Points to Consider Before Buying

Pet jellyfish are increasingly trendy. Just in the last month, I have seen several friends-- none of whom have experience with fishkeeping or reef aquariums-- post links to websites selling "kits" for keeping pet jellyfish. As a marine life enthusiast myself, I can absolutely understand the appeal of home aquariums designed to accommodate jellyfish. These marine invertebrates are breathtakingly beautiful and alien, and jellyfish aquariums aren't as ecologically or ethically questionable as reef tanks. However, there are many important points to consider before keeping pet jellyfish. Here are some of the most important factors to bear in mind.

1. Do you have enough money for a jellyfish tank? Jellyfish can be outlandishly expensive, even compared to other marine life. Jellyfish must live in circular tanks without any corners, to prevent damage to their tentacles, and their habitats require extensive filtration, a stable temperature, and meticulous chemical upkeep. "Desktop" jellyfish tanks, which are arguably far too small to accommodate any aquatic life, cost a minimum of $300-- and you will likely lose your jellyfish within just weeks in such a tiny tank. Sufficiently sized tanks cost anywhere from $3,000 to $20,000-- far more than most people are willing to spend on a high-maintenance pet with no central nervous system.
2. Do you have the experience necessary to keep pet jellyfish? Pet jellyfish are profoundly difficult to care for. If you're expecting the equivalent of a betta or goldfish, you're in for a serious challenge. Jellyfish tanks require careful chemical adjustment and a fairly advanced understanding of marine biology and water chemistry. Unless you have extensive experience keeping marine fish tanks, you are most likely unqualified to keep pet jellyfish.
3. Do you have enough time to invest into keeping pet jellyfish? If you think a dog or a cat is a lot of work, you've never had pet jellyfish. Jellyfish must be fed several times per day, and their water conditions must be checked on a daily or near-daily basis. Water changes for jellyfish are absolutely mandatory and can represent a significant time investment. While a dog-sitter or boarder may be easy to find, it can be very difficult to find a caregiver for your jellyfish when you go out of town.
4. Is it really worth it to you? At their core, pet jellyfish are not really pets. They have no brains, no personalities, and no capacity for companionship. Keeping a pet jellyfish can feel, fundamentally, much like keeping a very beautiful but extremely high-maintenance house plant. If the beauty of a jellyfish is worthwhile to you, a pet jellyfish can be a wonderful investment of time and money. However, if you want a real pet that can actually provide interaction and affection, you'd be better off with a guinea pig.
If you understand the difficulties involved in keeping pet jellyfish and still feel dedicated to the idea of keeping them, they may be an excellent option for you. However, jellyfish represent such a significant investment of time and money that that should not be purchased without significant forethought. 

Dog Breeds that Look Just Like Wolves

When I was a teenager, I desperately wanted to own pet wolf-- and not just one, but a whole pack of howling, hunting canines who I could call my own. As I matured, though, I realized that owning a pet wolf simply isn't a humane or realistic decision. As the ASPCA notes, it is arguably unethical and potentially dangerous to own any non-domesticated animal (perhaps with the exception of birds). Almost no average owner can handle the high needs of caring for a pet wolf or a wolf-dog hybrid. Luckily for those of us who would really like to own dogs who at least resemble their lupine ancestors, there are many completely domesticated dog breeds that look exactly like wolves. Here are just a few.
Tamaskan
The Tamaskan is a very rare breed of dog originating in Finland and very closely resembling a wolf. In fact, the resemblance is so uncanny that Tamaskan dogs are often cast as "wolves" in films-- and viewers never notice the difference! Like their lupine ancestors, they have a tendency to howl and to bond very closely with their "packmates," which can include humans, other dogs, and even small, delicate animals like cats and rabbits. Bred for working (not hunting) these beautiful wolf-like dogs don't have strong hunting instincts but maintain the grace and appearance of their ancient ancestors.

Northern Inuit
A combination of Siberian husky, German shepherd and Alaskan malamute, the Northern Inuit was selectively bred for the last 30 years to resemble wolves, but has no direct wolf ancestry. The breed standard has strict requirements that ensure that all breed-standard Northern Inuit dogs closely resemble wolves (so much that it's virtually impossible to tell many of them apart from their wild counterparts). The name "Northern Inuit" is a misnomer, as this breed originates in Britain, far from the historic territory of the Inuit peoples.

Utonagan
The utonagan breed is actually a splinter of the Northern Inuit breed, originating from the same stock of Siberian husky, German shepherd, and Alaskan malamute dogs. The breed standard for the utonagan is a bit more lenient than the Northern Inuit, so they may not bear the same indistinguishable resemblance to wolves as their cousins the Northern Inuit. Utonagans tend to be lean and agile and enjoy living in large "packs" that include several other dogs or many human family members.

Alaskan Malamute 

These beautiful dogs look very similar to wolves and have remained essentially unchanged for centuries. Originally domesticated by a Northern tribe known as the Mahlemuts, malamutes have long been valued as sled dogs and family members. They tend to be extremely athletic, friendly, and intelligent. Unlike newer wolf-like dog breeds, Alaskan malamutes are formally recognized by all major kennel clubs.
Siberian Husky
A cousin to the malamute, the Siberian husky was bred over many centuries by the indigenous people of Russia, who domesticated them from wild wolves. Siberian huskies maintain the strong hunting instincts of their ancestors and aren't generally a good fit for apartments and homes with cats, but they can be amazing, gentle companions when given adequate space, work, and exercise.
Samoyed
Samoyeds are another masterpiece bred by the indigenous people of Siberia. They were bred centuries ago to herd reindeer and pull sleds, but they were also valued for their kind and affectionate nature. Samoyeds look stunningly like arctic wolves, with thick, white coats and wolf-like body shapes. These smart, hard-working dogs do best if they're given lots of activity and stimulation to keep their big brains and agile bodies occupied.
Shiba Inu
Easily mistaken for a wolf at first glance, the shiba inu dog hails from Japan, where it was bred from wild, mountain-dwelling wolves as a hunting breed. Shiba inus tend to be strong, compact dogs and are more independent than other dogs that resemble wolves. Unlike some other wolf-like dog breeds, a shiba inu doesn't require constant interaction for its mental health. The shiba inu is highly adaptable, making it one of the only wolf-like breeds that can do well in an apartment (provided it is given enough exercise).
For most, if not all, of us, it isn't an option to own a pet wolf or a wolf-dog hybrid. We're very lucky that we've managed to spend thousands of years domesticating the dog, while still maintaining several bloodlines that closely resemble dogs' wild counterparts. If you're interested in adding a wolf-like dog to your family, check with local animal shelters and rescue groups first before looking for breeders. Odds are high that an animal perfect for you is already out there-- and in desperate need of a home. 

How Can I Get a Pet Crow or Raven?

Who among us wouldn't love to own a pet raven or crow? These beautiful animals, long admired for their romantic association with darkness and despair, are icons of modern pagan and gothic culture. But it's not just their macabre beauty that makes them interesting pets: ravens and crows are among the most intelligent animals on Earth, on par with chimps and dolphins. Their intelligent antics make them intriguing companions, and they tend to bond very strongly with their owners. Like parrots, crows and ravens can learn to imitate human speech, often even attempting simple "conversations" with their human friends!
Unfortunately for corvid enthusiasts, pet crows and ravens aren't easy to come by. The Migratory Bird Act, first implemented in 1916, bans anyone (with the exception of licensed wildlife rehabilitators) from owning any migratory bird native to the United States. Protected species include the American crow and its close relative, the common raven. Despite centuries of fossil evidence and human art showing that common ravens are a native species, many people mistakenly believe that they were imported from Europe. In fact, the common raven is found throughout naturally North America, Europe, and Asia, and traveled between continents during past ice ages via the Bering Land Bridge. As a result, common ravens in the U.S. are genetically indistinguishable from their relatives in Europe and Asia-- although some of the birds in California hold a separate genetic legacy of their ice-age ancestors! 
Since they are both native species, it is illegal to keep American crows or common ravens as pets, because wildlife officials fear that it could lead people to "kidnap" baby birds from their nests to sell. Given how common crows and ravens are in the United States, this might seem like an irritating and unnecessary precaution, but, without it, it's very likely that our native bird populations would be threatened by people recklessly seeking to sell novelty pets.
For this reason, the only way that you can legally and ethically acquire a pet raven or crow is by picking a species that is not native to the U.S. and does not migrate to any portion of the U.S. The most common corvid species chosen as pets are the white-necked raven, a very common species found through much of Africa, and the pied crow, a closely related animal also endemic to Africa. Some breeders also sell hybrids between the two species, which share traits of both parent species.
White-necked ravens and pied crows never migrate to the United States, so it is legal to own them under the Migratory Bird Act. Neither species is endangered according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, and, due to regulations that prohibit the transport of wild birds across oceans, we know with confidence that all white-necked ravens or pied crows sold in the U.S. are bred and hand-raised in captivity. It's both legal and ethical to own these beautiful black birds as pets.
If you decide that you want to buy a pet raven or crow, you'll need to find a skilled, reputable breeder offering white-necked ravens or pied crows. Because African corvids aren't bred as widely as other exotic birds like macaws or budgies, you can expect to pay a pretty penny for them--at least $2,000, and possibly as much as $6,000. Since it's unlikely that there is a breeder very close to you, anticipate an additional cost to ship the animal (or for you to travel to pick it up from the breeder).
While this may seem like an extravagant cost, it's a reminder of one important fact: the decision to acquire a new pet should never be taken lightly or made on impulse. Crows and ravens are extremely intelligent creatures that require specialized attention and care. It is arguably more difficult and time-consuming to properly care for a pet crow or raven than to care for a high-need dog, and crow owners have described them as being much like babies. Just as you wouldn't adopt a child without carefully considering the significant costs (literal and metaphorical) associated with the adoption, you shouldn't adopt a crow or raven on a whim. However, if you do decide that one of these birds is right for you, it is well worth the money and effort to add such a social, intelligent, and delightful creature to your family.

Endangered Species Adoption Kits and Gift Sets

Several reputable nonprofit organizations offer wildlife adoption kits. These are fun, educational gifts for children of all ages. Some adults have even made a hobby of collecting endangered species adoptions; these kis can provide a fun incentive for ongoing donations.
Defenders of Wildlife
Offering a unique array of plush toys and educational materials, Defenders of Wildlife engages in tireless campaigns to end aerial wolf hunts, unsustainable fishing practices and other harmful practices. Donors can choose from twenty-five lovable animals like the gray wolf, jaguar and beluga whale. Adoption kits start at just $15. A $25 adoption kit generously includes a plush doll, personalized adoption certificate, fact sheet and photograph. Importantly, Defenders of Wildlife takes steps to keep their endangered species adoption kits sustainable; the company's line of eco-plush dolls are made with natural soybean fiber.
World Wildlife Fund
The World Wildlife Fund offers the most extensive list of choices for endangered species adoption. Featuring obscure endangered species like the tarsier and the okapi, the World Wildlife Fund's adoption kits provide financial resources to conservation projects all over the world. Choose from $25, $50 or $100 gift sets. The largest of the adoption kits contains a plush, framed certificate, gift box and photograph. For indecisive gift-givers, the World Wildlife Fund also offers wildlife adoption gift cards, which a recipient can use to adopt the endangered species of her choice.
National Zoo
The Smithsonian Institute National Zoo allows symbolic adoptions of eighteen endangered species. A $50 "Kids Adopt" endangered species donation will support the National Zoo's conservation efforts and grant the donor a plush doll, adoption certificate, photograph, adoption sticker and more. The National Zoo also offers adult-friendly symbolic adoptions with donations of up to $1000. Large donations are recognized in the Friends of the National Zoo newsletter.

5 Ways to Help Save Dolphins

During the 1970s, "Save the Whales" became the mantra of every environmental activist. Today, international regulations have helped to restore populations of some whale species, but their smaller cousins-- dolphins and porpoises-- are still at risk. In fact, the International Whaling Commission offers no protection to dolphins, making these majestic creatures vulnerable to capture, hunting and other human threats.
Fortunately, environmental activists can help to prevent the needless slaughter and kidnapping of dolphins. If you care about dolphins, consider taking any-- or all-- of these measures to save them.
Boycott Dolphinariums and Theme Parks
A bottlenose dolphin's face is frozen into a perpetual grin. Because their natural grimaces resemble a human smile, many people fall for the illusion that dolphins in exhibits are always happy. Not so. According to Ric O'Barry-- activist, "Cove" director, and former dolphin trainer-- captive dolphins experience constant stress and depression. Dolphins captured for aquariums and swim-with-dolphins programs frequently die in transit. Those who make it to their captive homes live short, painful lives.
If you love dolphins, you may be tempted to participate in a swim-with-dolphins program or watch a show at SeaWorld. While these organizations often claim that their programs are educational and conservation-focused, nothing could be further from the truth. An "educational" experience with a captive dolphin is not worth the torture that the animal must endure for your entertainment. An alternative: visit a nonprofit that rehabilitates injured dolphins, or go for a dive in an area populated by wild sea mammals.
Think Before Flushing
This one simple measure can save dolphins and porpoises all over the world. When you flush something down your sink or commode, you probably aren't thinking about where your waste will end up. However, environmentalists warn against this "out of sight, out of mind" mentality. There is no "away"-- all of your waste will ultimately find its way to streams, rivers, and the ocean. Most organic wastes are eliminated by sewage treatment, but chemical contaminants enter the ocean unfazed.
According to the Dolphin Research Center, contaminants in sewage pose a major threat to dolphins. PCBs, dioxins, heavy metals and human medications all accumulate within a dolphin's bloodstream. This leads to neurological problems, sterility and a weakened immune system. In turn, the dolphins become prone to opportunistic infections like morbillivirus and toxoplasmosis. Think twice before flushing your cat's seemingly harmless litter-- read here to find out how it may be killing dolphins.
Consider your Seafood
If you are an environmentally conscious consumer, you probably already check your tuna for a "dolphin-safe" label before you buy it. Unfortunately, there are relatively few legal restrictions governing the use of this term. By law, "dolphin-safe" tuna can be captured using any method besides encircling-- so even your "dolphin-safe" seafood may be directly responsible for the death of these beautiful sea mammals.
Additionally, understand that "dolphin-safe" foods may not necessarily be ecosystem-safe. Your seafood may not directly harm dolphins, but its capture may have killed sharks, sea turtles and wahoo. An unhealthy ecosystem is not a good home for any living thing. Your best bet? Consider going vegetarian. Our dying oceans will thank you for your choice.
Get Involved
Nonprofit organizations all over the world work tirelessly to save dolphins and porpoises. Your time and donations are essential for keeping these organizations active. Consider donating to Defenders of Wildlife, the World Wildlife FundBlue VoiceSea Shepherd or Save Japan Dolphins. These organizations provide hope to our planet's many failing aquatic ecosystems.
If you live in a coastal region, involve yourself in real-world activism. Join your local Sierra Clubchapter. Boat and fish responsibly. Distribute fliers and pamphlets to spread awareness about the need to protect our oceans. Additionally, if you live near a zoo, aquarium or theme park that shows captive dolphins, don't be afraid to make a stink-- particularly if the dolphins held in captivity are wild-caught. Click here to view a list of dolphinariums shut down by real-world activists like you.

20 Facts About Florida Manatees

The Florida manatee is in serious danger of extinction. In April 2007, officials had optimistically announced that this gentle giant had begun to recover from its population decline. However, recent catastrophes-- including the BP Horizon oil rig incident and overdevelopment of coastal lands-- have caused serious setbacks in the recovery of Florida manatee populations. Without additional protection, the Florida manatee is in danger of becoming extinct.
To protect wild animals, we must educate ourselves about their habitat, history, and behavior. Here are twenty facts about the rare Florida manatee.
1. The Florida manatee is not a species; rather, it is a subspecies of the West Indian manatee. The other subspecies is the Caribbean manatee, which is smaller than its Florida counterpart.
2. Florida manatees can live surprisingly long lives. Many manatees live to be sixty years old or more.
3. Manatees have no natural predators. Because they move slowly and have no natural defenses, they could be an easy target for alligators and sharks. Surprisingly, there are no recorded cases of any animal attacking a Florida manatee.
4. The Florida manatee population suffered a major setback in 1996, when toxins from dinoflagellates-- tiny red micro-organisms-- killed over 150 manatees in the coastal U.S.
5. The modern Florida manatee has lived along the coast of Florida for at least 1 million years. Fossils of manatee ancestors have been dated to 45 million years ago.
6. While manatees and dugongs vaguely resemble walruses, they are actually unrelated. The manatee's closest land-swelling relatives are the hyrax and the elephant.
7. Florida manatees can weigh nearly 1,500 pounds.
8. Like other mammals, Florida manatees must breathe air. A manatee will rise to the water's surface every three to five minutes, but they may rarely stay submerged for up to twenty minutes.
9. Manatees cruise at a rate of three to five miles per hour. They can swim at up to twenty miles per hour for very short periods of time.
10. About 30% of Florida manatee deaths are caused by collisions with boats. Boaters are encouraged to use extreme caution when traveling in waters populated by the Florida manatee.
11. The loss of habitat is the biggest threat to the current population of Florida manatees. Much of the Florida manatee's native habitat has been drained or otherwise altered to make room for commercial ventures and real estate.
12. A female manatee gives birth to a single calf every two to five years. Florida manatees rarely produce twins.
13. Manatees do not travel in pods or herds. With the exception of mothers caring for calves, manatees are solitary creatures.
14. A Florida manatee must eat 100-200 pounds of vegetation every day.
15. Florida manatees may be found in fresh, salt, or brackish water. However, they can not drink salt water. A manatee must return to fresh water every two weeks to drink.
16. Despite its "fat" appearance, the Florida manatee has no blubber. As a tropical species, they have very little body-fat; a manatee owes its rounded appearance to its large digestive system.
17. The word "manatee" comes from the indigenous Caribbean term "manati", meaning "breast".
18. The Florida manatee may have spawned myths about mermaids or sirens. Sailors could have seen them from a distance and mistaken them for round women.
19. Florida manatees are considered to be as intelligent as dolphins. Because they are nonsocial and move slowly, they are more difficult to train; this led to the widespread misconception that they are unintelligent.
20. Manatees once traveled to warm-water springs during winter to avoid cold stress syndrome-- a leading cause of death in the Florida manatee. Many populations now rely upon effluent from coastal power-plants to avoid becoming dangerously cold.

Is it okay to feed wild ducks and geese?

Many wildlife enthusiasts enjoy sharing food with wild birds, including waterfowl like geese and ducks. However, there are many drawbacks to this widespread pastime. While some critics claim that the practice does more harm than good, proponents argue that the waterfowl benefit from moderate human interaction.
Is it okay to feed wild ducks and geese? Here are some perspectives.
Against Feeding Wild Waterfowl:
Some experts believe that we should adopt a live-and-let-live attitude toward wild ducks and geese. As humans, we have no place interacting with wild birds. When we feed them, we encourage them to become dependent on human beings, and they lose their natural ability to forage. Wild animals should be treated like wild animals.
Additionally, well-meaning people may harm the health of wild ducks by feeding them. Areas where ducks are overfed can quickly become overpopulated, making the animals more prone to infections-- including human-transmissible diseases like avian flu. Many people feed geese and ducks harmful foods, including crackers and potato chips. These can cause problems like obesity and liver disease.
In Favor of Feeding Wild Waterfowl:
Waterbird enthusiasts like myself disagree that we should sever ourselves from wild animals. We are an intrinsic part of nature and we can never fully isolate ourselves from wild geese and ducks. As we encroach on animal's wild habitats, we have two choices: we can learn to coexist, or we can exterminate the other species. It is futile to try to sequester ourselves from other species, because we share a habitat.
If we feed wild geese and ducks responsibly, we are unlikely to seriously harm their health. Conscientious duck-feeders should take care to use only minimally processed foods like corn, peas and millet. If natural predators are allowed to thrive in areas populated by wild ducks and geese, overpopulation should not be an issue. Coyotes, red foxes, golden eagles, bald eagles and raccoons present no serious danger to humans, but their presence will prevent unnatural spikes in the populations of wild waterfowl.
The Bottom Line:
The choice to feed wild ducks and geese-- or not feed them-- is largely a matter of personal philosophy. If you believe in the conservationist mentality-- that we should try to segregate ourselves from the natural world-- you may find it ideal to avoid feeding any wild birds. However, moderate feeding can offer benefits to travel-weary ducks and geese, and it is an enjoyable activity for bird enthusiasts.
As always, abide by your local laws and regulations regarding wild waterfowl.

Why Sea Otters are Endangered, and How You Can Help

Sea otters are the smallest species of marine mammal, and one of the most vulnerable endangered species in North America. They are regarded as an endangered species by international regulations, and without additional protection, they may become extinct in the near future.
But why are sea otters endangered? And, more importantly, what can you do to help them?
Fur Trade
The sea otter never recovered from severe overhunting that took place during the 1800s. Fur hunters and trappers drove the sea otter to the brink of extinction, leaving only a single small colony of sea otters to replenish the severely depleted population. Most modern California sea otters are descended from a handful of individuals, and, even under the best of circumstances, it may take hundreds of years for them to fully recover.
Fortunately, regulations are not in place that ban the hunting, sale or export of sea otter furs. Some poachers still manage to prey upon sea otters and profit from their destruction. Help to protect sea otters by boycotting any company that sells fur. You will not only protect endangered species, but also other animals that are threatened by the industry.
Oil Spills
Oil spill pollution is the greatest threat to the sea otter's survival. The otter's fur loses its insulating properties when it is coated in oil, and the animal unintentionally poisons itself when it tries to remove the sticky debris. Otters affected by oil spills die of hypothermia, digestive problems and lung damage. Almost 4,000 sea otters died during the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which affected otters more than any other species.
To help protect sea otters threatened by oil spills, become active in the fight against offshore drillingand oil exploration in protected wildlife reserves. Incorporate green living into your everyday lifestyle to minimize your own consumption of fossil fuels. If an oil spill the size of the Deepwater Horizon disaster occurred on the other end of the country, it could easily drive the endangered sea otter to extinction.
Threats from Fishing
Gill and trammel nets severely harmed sea otters' populations during the 1970s and 1980s, and these damages persist even with more "eco-friendly" fishing techniques. Fishing nets endanger sea otters by causing them to drown or suffer life-threatening injuries. Emaciated sea otters die in areas where overfishing depletes the populations of sea otters' natural food sources. Additionally, predators like sharks and orcas may prey more on sea otters because humans have reduced the populations of other natural prey.
If you want to do your part to protect sea otters, your best bet is to go vegetarian. This minimizes the ecological impact of fishing and exploration in the sea otter's native range. Your efforts toward a vegetarian lifestyle can help to facilitate a healthier, more sustainable habitat for endangered sea otters and many other wild animals.

Never Release Pets into the Wild

You may be considering releasing a pet into the wild. Perhaps you don't have time for your rabbit anymore, or you don't have the equipment to accommodate your eighty baby guppies or fifteen baby hamsters. Each year, hundreds of pet guardians release pet turtles, fish, rodents, amphibians and rabbits into the wild. This act-- which may seem like an act of kindness-- has only two possible outcomes, and both of them have serious environmental and ethical ramifications.
Bad Outcome 1: Doing Too Well
If you release your pet into the wild, it may to "too well." Your hamster to find a mousey-mate and populate your neighborhood, leading to serious ecological consequences and health risks for your neighborhood. By releasing a pet into the wild, you may unintentionally introduce an invasive species, which has the potential to wreak havoc on the surrounding ecosystem.
Released pet iguanas, pythons and parakeets have caused serious harm in the Everglades, where they have displaced many native species. Red eared slider turtles have overtaken hundreds of lakes where they are not native; in the process, they have caused the local extinction of several fish and reptile species. Asian arp, guppies and goldfish also upset the balance of river ecosystems throughout the U.S.
If you care about animals, you should be aware that your pet's "success" in the wild would come at the expense of native species. Your gerbils may displace local shrews. Your rabbit can dilute the genepool of wild cottontails. Your clawed frog may eat the fry of endangered fish in local streams. Non-native animals can not live as part of a balanced ecosystem outside of their natural range.
Bad Outcome 2: Death
If your pet does not do unusually well in the wild, the alternative is a painful death. Exotic species tend to react in one of two ways to a new environment-- they spread like wildfire or they die instantly. Your pet is adapted to live in its own native environment, or, in the case of domesticated species, it has been carefully bred to live only under the care of humans. If your pet doesn't thrive, he will probably die within a matter of just a few days.
Unless you live in a subtropical region, tropical exotic pets such as iguanas and parrots will die quickly in the wild. If the animal survives into the winter, there will be no food for it and it will die of hypothermia. Your pet may also be unaccustomed to foraging; a pet who eats only commercial feed may have no ability to find food in a barren landscape. For this reason, many organizations consider it to be an act of animal cruelty to release a pet into the wild.
If you can't take care of your pet anymore, get to work on finding a more suitable home for it. Contact your local humane society, veterinarian and area pet stores for assistance in re-homing your animals. It is never appropriate to release pets into the wild.

Why are chinchillas endangered?

The chinchilla is a soft-furred, robust rodent endemic to the Andes mountains. These beautiful creatures are valued as pets and fur-animals because of their luxurious, velvet-like coats. Many chinchilla owners are unaware of the plight of these beautiful animals. Wild chinchillas are now considered to be "critically endangered" by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, or IUCN.

Wild chinchilla populations have declined by an alarming 90% in the past 15 years. They face imminent danger and are likely to become extinct in the wild within a decade.
Why Chinchillas are Endangered
Wild chinchilla populations have been threatened for centuries by human activity. The species' original population was nearly exterminated due to poaching, hunting, habitat destruction, competition from cattle and goats, strip-mining activities, and deforestation for firewood extraction. Since the 1920s, chinchillas have been protected by legal measures, but their populations continue to decline.
Why the Threat Continues
Unfortunately, actions to protect chinchillas have failed, and they are more likely than ever to become extinct. The IUCN suggests that the wild chinchilla population may be too small to naturally repopulate, even with protection measurse in place. Illegal poaching for the fur trade also plays a role in the chinchilla's continued decline. Additionally, foxes now hunt chinchillas more than they have in the past; this change may be either natural or anthropogenic.
What about Fur Coats?
Almost all chinchilla furs are now collected from captive-bred chinchillas, so the fur industry no longer play a major role in the decline of wild chinchilla populations. However, some poachers do continue to hunt chinchillas, and this does affect the species' ability to recover from being endangered. If you buy chinchilla fur, you are not contributing to the endangerment of the species. However, most environmentalists agree that the fur industry is inherently unsustainable and inhumane.
What about Pet Chinchillas?
If you own a pet chinchilla, there is good news-- you are actually helping, not hurting, this endangered species. Pet chinchillas are exclusively captive-bred and are not captured from the wild. And, although pet chinchillas can not be re-released into the wild, you are helping to support the continued captive-breeding and protection of chinchillas and other endangered species. As a chinchilla owner, you should make efforts to spread awareness about the plight of the wild chinchilla. Do your pet's wild cousins a favor by supporting the protection of endangered chinchillas.

Feeding Hummingbirds in Winter

As a bird lover and environmentalist, I've always adored the opportunity to feed hummingbirds while they make their annual migration. In peak season, I've seen as many as a dozen hummingbirds joyfully fluttering around a feeder. However, I was concerned about the possible detrimental effects of feeding hummingbirds. Was I making them overly dependent on humans? Would feeding hummingbirds in winter disrupt their annual migration?
According to Cornell University, there's no harm in feeding hummingbirds year-round. You can feed hummingbirds in winter and fall, for as long as the little buzzers remain in your area. You won't disrupt their migration, but you might help them to survive the cold months.
What Triggers Migration
Some bird-lovers mistakenly believe that hummingbirds migrate when they begin running out of food. This is simply not the case-- if hummingbirds migrated only when all their food was gone, they would never make it to warmer climates in time.
It is not hunger that triggers migration, but changes in weather and the length of days. As days grow shorter, hummingbirds develop an irresistible urge to fly south. This happens even when the weather is unseasonably warm and when food is plentiful.
When to Stop Feeding Hummingbirds
The best time to stop feeding hummingbirds is, quite simply, whenever they stop showing up. After you stop seeing them regularly, there isn't much point in leaving the feeders out and maintaining them. However, it's a good idea to leave the feeders up for a week or two after you last see a hummingbird; it may provide food for a lagging flutterer.
If you live in an area populated by hummingbirds year-round, feel free to leave your hummingbird feeders up all year. If the hummingbirds keep coming, you can enjoy your feathered visitors well into the winter months and into the next spring.
Tips for Feeding Hummingbirds in the Winter
During the cold months, you don't have to change your nectar as frequently as you would during the summer. This is because the nectar is as prone to fungal or bacterial contamination, so it won't "go bad" very quickly. However, you do need to deal with another equally problematic possibility-- freezing.
Leave extra space in your hummingbird feeders so that the nectar has room to expand if it freezes. Otherwise, your feeder may crack. Add nectar to the feeder while it is still warm to keep it lukewarm as long as possible. You can also use outdoor heat lamps to keep your nectar moist, or you can keep the feeders indoors and swap them out as needed.
If you continue to have hummingbirds at your feeders during winter, there is no harm-- and some benefit-- in leaving them up.

Found an Orphaned Baby Bird? What to Do

Humans are a profoundly empathic species. Although intra-species adoption is rarely observed in other social animals, we are the only creatures who routinely and willingly care for orphaned animals of other species. Almost anyone, if given the chance, would gladly take an orphaned baby bird under wing and raise it to adulthood.

Many people are faced with this decision. If you or your child has found an orphaned baby bird, you're probably tempted to take care of it. But this is only rarely an appropriate decision. Here are some tips on what to do if you find an orphaned baby bird.
1. Understand that it's probably not an orphan. Almost all baby birds that people find are not orphans. Rather, they are fledglings who have recently left the nest and haven't yet mastered the skill of flight. Because of this, our intervention is unnecessary and will probably do more harm than good. If you find a fledgling-- not an orphaned baby bird-- you should leave it alone.
2. Know an orphan from a fledgling. Allow the bird to stand on your finger. Can he grip firmly and maintain something of a balance? If so, he's old enough and mature enough to survive with no problem without human intervention. The best thing to do under this circumstance is to leave the "orphaned" bird alone in an area that is safe from cats and lawnmowers.
3. If the bird is too young to leave the nest-- that is, if he can't yet stand on your finger-- give him back to his parents. Search high and low for his nest-- it's most likely in a nearby bush or tree. When you find it, gently place the baby bird back. His parents, who have probably been watching he entire scene, will probably return to him quickly.
4. If the "orphaned" bird is injured, take him to a veterinarian. Unless you are a veterinarian yourself, you absolutely can not rely on DIY instructions to rescue an injured bird. If his wing or foot is broken, his best chance for survival will involve expert veterinary care and rehabilitation. Do not try to set bones or create splints by yourself-- this is cruel and not in the animal's best interest.
5. If the baby bird is actually an orphan, he will need an expert to hand-raise him. If you watch the baby bird from a distance and an adult doesn't return to him within two hours, you can bet that they are, in fact, deceased. In this situation, you should call your local Fish and Wildlife Department as soon as possible. It's unlikely that you can successfully raise the orphaned baby bird yourself-- they require around-the-clock feeding every 15 to 20 minutes and usually die even with "good" care by amateurs.
People who try to raise orphaned baby birds generally have good intentions, but this is a situation in which our intervention does far more harm than good. If you are interested in raising orphaned, sick or injured animals as a career, the best thing to do is to seek formal training in veterinary medicine and wildlife management.

Facts and Information About White Lions

Mutated big cats are an endless source of legend and fascination. Melanistic (black) leopards, pumas and tigers have traditionally been associated with mystery and darkness, while albino, white and "blond" tigers and lions tend to star in magic shows and roadside menageries.

There is quite a bit of controversy surrounding the breeding of mutant big cats. Ever-popular white tigers are usually severely inbred. The extremely rare Maltese Tiger, which was bluish-gray in color, died naturally and is no longer seen wild or captive environments. Another very rare mutation-- the white lion-- is also legendary but controversial.
Historically, white lions have been viewed as mystical and fascinating. Native to the Timbavati region of South Africa, and seen exclusively in the Kruger subspecies of lion, the white lion was once viewed as a divine omen and a bearer of good fortune. Because of their amazing beauty, they still attract the attention of people throughout the world.
White lions are not albino. Rather, they possess a trait known as leucism, which causes them to lack some, but not all, pigmentation. Traits similar to leucism cause blonde ferrets, piebald birds, and white peacocks. Unlike albinism, which almost always includes serious health problems such as skin disease and poor eyesight, leucism can occur in white lions and other animals without increasing the risk of other health problems
Some irresponsible breeders have created horrifically inbred strains of white tiger for use in canned hunts and shows. Although these animals often have health problems due to multi-generational inbreeding, the health problems are not explicitly related to leucism itself. These activities are inarguably unethical, but there are responsible ways to breed these beautiful creatures.
Several small-scale conservatories have attempted to carry out scientific, humane and pro-environmental operations for breeding white tigers. A few of them have even been rehabilitated and released into the wild. However, these responsible operations are sparse. Zoos and ethically legitimate shows should guarantee that their stock comes from healthy white tiger populations.
Currently, there are only about 300 white lions in the world. Most of these are captive, but a small pride has been re-introduced to the Timbavati region of South Africa, where the animals are thriving. To support the continued health and research of the white tiger, visit the Global White Lion Protection Trust.

Lobsters are Immortal

If there is one universal human fear, it is aging. While we fear death, we all accept it as inevitable-- and, for every person who wants to live to be 90, there are dozens more who would prefer to check out early to avoid the decline and deterioration associated with old age.

The anti-aging industry is big. From face creams and hair dyes to tooth-whiteners and magic pills, we struggle to fight not only our mortality, but also our tendency to age. Remarkably, we may have a lot that we can learn from a simple and surprising animal-- the lobster.
Lobsters are immortal-- well, sort of. Although they can die as a result of external forces, including predators, fights and water pollution, no lobster has ever-- ever-- died of old age. In terms of aging, the lobster is truly immortal. There are no measurable changes in a lobster's health, resilience, reproduction, body functions, metabolism or appetite.
This remarkable feature, known as negligible senescence, remains one of the most fascinating traits occuring in nature-- and it may provide insight into our own aging process. In theory, a lobster could live for hundreds, or even thousands, of years if it lived in ideal conditions and was left unmolested by predators and competitors. In ideal (and completely hypothetical) circumstances, it would be possible for a five-thousand-year-old lobster to continue with all the normal activities of a lobster's life, including reproduction.
However, the lobster's apparent immortality is still not fully understood. We don't know why lobsters differ so fundamentally from humans, or how their cells manage to undergo years of wear-and-tear without any notable damage. Nor do we know if this can offer us practical information, such as the ability to understand age-related human problems such as cataracts and arthritis.
The next time you sink your teeth into a bite of Maine lobster tail, chew on this: you may be eating a creature who hatched during the Civil War. And that same animal's brother may be here long after your own grandchildren have passed away.

Best Free Printable Worksheets and Activities for Toddlers

Printable activities have been a staple in my home since long before my now-3-year-old entered the preschool stage. As a toddler, she loved coloring, cutting and folding printable activities, and they significantly helped her development. If you're looking for fun, simple, educational activities for toddlers, here are a few of the best websites offering printable, age-appropriate sheets.
1. DLTK Crafts offers dozens of crafts and printable worksheets.
DLTK Crafts is owned an operated by a woman named Leanne, a mom of two girls. She has been running the site for 13 years and regards it as "a terrific hobby." Looking at the website, you would never know that it was run by just one mother. Its diverse array of educational activities makes it look far more like a quality resource for preschool teachers than a side hobby. Available toddler-friendly worksheets include shapes, colors, letters, numbers, animals, and cutting sheets. Check out DLTK's printable activities for toddlers here.
2. Hundreds of coloring pages are available at First School.
These educational worksheets for toddlers and preschoolers cover dozens of important topics, from dental health to Olympic games. These can help to introduce new vocabulary words to toddlers, and they are simple enough for even 2-year-olds to comprehend. Try giving your child one or two coloring pages per day to keep an influx of new words and concepts in his daily life. First School is completely free and easy to use.
3. Early math activities are abundant at PBS Kids.
PBS Kids offers math activities appropriate for infants, toddlers and preschoolers. These simple coloring pages and worksheets truly grow with your toddler -- starting with simple coloring, then moving to number identification, simple counting, and pattern recognition. These all require parental involvement to be truly worthwhile, but they do pay off if you're willing to invest your time and energy into success. Check out PBS Kids' website here.
4. Family Education has school-quality printables for toddlers.
Family Education's toddler printables are virtually unlimited, with hundreds available to choose from. These grow with your child well into the elementary school years, and you can tailor them to your child's interests and developmental level. Choose from insect identification, health, skill builders, games, charts, and forms. Although Family Education does require an e-mail address for you to print their activities, I have never received spam from the company, even after printing toddler activities from them on a regular basis. Visit Family Education for some of the best printable activities on the web.

6 Immortal Animals

Immortality is an age-old concept. Mythology as old as human history refers to people and animals who never die. But, for the most part, immortality is a fantasy-- right?

Well, right. Sort of. Surprisingly, there are some animal species that, for whatever reason, have simply decided that they don't like the idea of death and that they will have no part in it. These animals are functionally immortal. They never age, and-- unless an outside force does them in-- they could theoretically live forever.
The Sea Anemone
The lowly sea anemone doesn't look like an immortal animal. In fact, it doesn't even look like an animal. In between swaying to the left, swaying to the right, and occasionally swallowing a bit of debris, this brainless polyp is busy defying everything we know about mortality. A sea anemone doesn't age as it gets older; it simply grows bigger. Fortunately for those who find this a little creepy, none of them have lived long enough to develop sentience yet-- they get wiped out at around age 80 by heat, water pollution, infections, and greedy collectors.
The Lobster
Like the sea anemone, the lobster is an idiot. It has no brain, and its central nevous system is about as simple as a common household insect. But lobsters have somehow figured out a way to defy aging as we know it. Unlike people, lobsters don't experience any change in metabolism or body-function as they get older. A one-hundred-year-old lobster will even continue eating, moving and making baby-lobsters without any sense of shame. They also keep getting bigger-- meaning that, after a couple-hundred years, they can be the size of a wolf, and capable of scaring the living daylights out of anyone who's read the Dark Tower series. Did-a-chik? (For more about the lobster's functional immortality,click here.)
The Aldabra Giant Tortoise
Aldabra giant tortoises are exactly what they sound like-- freaking giant. The males can weigh nearly 800 pounds, which would make them the most terrifying animals in the world if they ate meat and moved a little quicker. Fortunately, Aldabra tortoises barely seem to notice humans like us-- they aren't tame; they simply don't care. Because, inside their little reptilian brains, they are laughing at the fact that we get old and die. We aren't sure just how long Aldabra tortoises live, because they have a pesky tendency to live longer than the people watching them. The oldest confirmed age of an Aldabra tortoise was 255 years, but some may have lived to be twice that age.
The Rougheye Rockfish
The rougheye rockfish just sounds defiant. In fact, I'd include a few more desciptions-- like riptide, rugged, rumblin', radical and ravin'-- in its name, but that would probably remind you too much of that douchebag surfer-guy who smoked a joint with your sister ten years ago. And, just like that surfer-guy, the rockfish is incredibly ugly but makes up for it by being defiant of everything. Including mortality. A rougheye rockfish, which is a functionally immortal animal, can live to be 200 years old or more, unless some guy with a fishing-pole manages to break it of its persistent addiction to life.
The Immortal Jellyfish
The name says all. When the immortal jellyfish gets tired of being a sexually mature adult, it can decide to be a polyp-- that is, a baby-- again. To do this, the jellyfish (technically a medusa) turns itself inside-out, then re-absorbs its tentacles and other dangly-bits. It then land in its grave (or birth site) somewhere in the sand and becomes a colony of tiny little polyps. It's like your grandpa deciding that he's going to go to bed and turn into a few dozen fetuses-- only the immortal jellyfish doesn't have dementia and actually will follow through on its threat.
The Hydra
The hydra is a nearly microscopic immortal animal, but what it lacks in size it makes up for in stamina. (You probably know at least a handful of men who use the same excuse with with their girlfriends.) Hydras are actually remarkably efficient predators; they release an explosion of neurotoxins into their prey, paralyze it, and then consume the animal whole. Every single cell in the hydra's tiny body is constantly dividing and rejuvenating, so any injured, polluted or defective cells are diluted by the thousands of others. Because they are constantly replenishing their living cells, hydras do not age at all-- ever.
Immortality doesn't truly exist in practice, but, in theory, any of these immortal animals really coulld manage to live forever. Unfortunately for them (and fortunately for us) environmental conditions do eventually destroy every living "immortal" animal.